Daphnia Heart Rate Experiment Essay - 1570 Words

Experiment Report for: ‘the affect of Caffeine on Daphnia’s heartbeat’ Introduction: Aim: The aim of this experiment is to understand the affect of the drug Caffeine on the rate of a Daphnia’s heartbeat. This is to understand the affect of caffeine on a human’s heart rate and the use of daphnia keeps the experiment fair and safe. Background Research: Daphnia – Daphnia (water fleas) are grouped as crustaceans under the arthropod group of Kingdom Anamalia. They have an open circulatory system where fluid (there is no distinction between blood and nutritional fluid) in the hemocoel delivers oxygen and nutrients to the organs/ cells directly meaning caffeine enters their system much faster than it would in humans. This type of†¦show more content†¦Once finished with the | | | |daphnia put it in to the seperate tank of | | | |pond water so it is not reused. | |By ingesting bacterium or viruses from the |The person that ingested the bacteria could |Wash hands after investigation to remove | |pond water. |contract an infection. |bacteria from hands that touch the mouth | | | |regularly. | |If handled roughly the daphnia could get |The heart rate would be affected by the |Handle it carefully e.g use a pipette not | |injured. |injury which could affect the results of the |fingers which could squash the daphnia. | | |experiment. | | |The daphnia could get caught in the pipette. |It would cause stress to the daphnia which |Use a pipette that has been adjusted so it | | |could raise its heart rate and affect the |has a large hole that the daphnia would not |Show MoreRelatedDaphnia Experiment Report1504 Words   |  7 PagesDaphnia Experiment Report 1. Introduction Caffeine is found in many plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide. It is found most commonly in cocoa, tea and coffee, but is also artificially added to some soft drinks such as cola to act as a flavour enhancer. When consumed by humans, caffeine works as a stimulant causing amounts of released neurotransmitters to be increased. High use of caffeine has been related with raised blood pressure, restlessness, insomnia and anxiety which, inRead MoreEffects Of The Heart Rate From Caffeine And Ethanol1137 Words   |  5 Pagesmathematically through a series of experiments. Examples of metabolism are differences of the heart rate from caffeine and ethanol. By understanding the topic, it can be proven that these drugs affect organisms in a certain way, such as the heart rate. The information, collected following the experiment, can be inferred in recognizing the way our body responds to chemicals when drinking coffees and colas. The experiment was conducted by inducing the spec ies Daphnia magna to both caffeine and ethanolRead MoreThe Effect Of Caffeine On The Heart Rate Of Daphnia1114 Words   |  5 Pagespurpose of this experiment was to see if caffeine had an effect on the heart rate of Daphnia (water fleas) by observing them under the microscope and recording their heart rate over a period of time in concentrations of caffeine. Caffeine, which is a stimulant drug rttused in coffee, tea, Red Bull and Pro-plus, causes increased amounts of stimulatory neurotransmitters to be released. As caffeine is a stimulant, a prediction was made that caffeine would increase the heart rate of the Daphnia. Method ToRead MoreThe Effect Of Temperature On Daphnia By Changing Ph Levels And Measuring The Hear Rate1419 Words   |  6 Pages This experiment is being done to show the effect oh pH levels on daphnia by changing pH levels and measuring the hear rate. Introduction Daphnia magna are commonly used to test water toxicity, they are a vital part of fresh water ecosystems. They serve as a crucial role in food webs as they are a food source for smaller fish and invertebrates, and they also are a consumer of algae and bacteria (Elbert, 2005). They range from 2-5mm long these small crustaceans are also referred to as water fleasRead MoreThe Effect Of Ph Levels On Daphnia1377 Words   |  6 Pages This experiment is being performed to show the effect of pH levels on daphnia by changing pH levels and measuring the heart rate. Introduction Daphnia are used to test water toxicity, they are a vital part of fresh water ecosystems. They are a food source for smaller fish and invertebrates and considered to be a consumer of algae and bacteria (Elbert, 2005). These small crustaceans range in size from 2-5mm long and are commonly referred to as water fleas. Daphnia belong to the group calledRead MoreThe Effect of Caffeine on the Heart Rate of Daphnia968 Words   |  4 PagesAs the caffeine concentration rises, so does the mean heart rate of daphnia. Risk Assessment: In this experiment there are the following risks both for the human that carries out the experiment and the daphnia: ↠ The human that carries out the experiment should be cautious not to touch the lamp with wet hands since it uses electricity. ↠ Also, be careful not to spill any of the pond water on the floor. ↠ As for the daphnia, there is a chance for them to die as when they are exposedRead MoreIs Plant Defensive Compounds Used?1510 Words   |  7 Pagescause cardiac arrest to those herbivore attackers or animals that consume the plant. If this statement is compared to the experiment performed, the defensive compound used, the milkweed should increase the heart rate of the invertebrate observed (the Daphnia) or create at least a change in the insect. During the experiment, water was compared to the milkweed and the heart rate changes were observed under microscope looking at different magnifications. Looking at the data and results obtained, it wasRead MoreHow Does Caffeine And Nicotine Affect Daphnia Magna?863 Words   |  4 PagesHow Does Caffeine and Nicotine Affect Daphnia magna Introduction: The experiment conducted primarily focused on the heart of the Daphnia magna and how it is affected by caffeine and nicotine. The organism is transparent this key feature is ideal for a model organism. During the experiment a total number of four organisms were treated with caffeine and nicotine. Caffeine is a stimulant of the nervous system. (Caffeine. 2015) Caffeine is present in highly consumed products such as coffee, tea, chocolateRead MoreThe Effect of Caffiene on Heart Rate1658 Words   |  7 PagesTITLE: Effect of the caffeine on the heart rate OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the caffeine on the heart rate of living organisms. INTRODUCTION: * Daphnia Daphnia  are small,  planktonic  crustaceans, between 0.2 and 5  mm in length.  Daphnia  are members of the  order  Cladocera, and are one of the several small aquatic crustaceans commonly called  water fleas  because of their  saltatory  swimming style (although  fleas  are  insects  and thus only very distantly related). TheyRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On The Heart Rate Of Daphnia Magna1341 Words   |  6 PagesThis report presents the physiological changes in the heart rate of a fresh water crustacean Daphnia magna when exposed to caffeine and alcohol. Different Daphnia magnas were placed in a depression slide containing fresh water and later exposed to solutions of caffeine and alcohol. Each Daphnia magna had different responses. These data suggest there is an increase in heart rate when a Daphnia magna is exposed to caffeine and a decrease in heart rate when it is in a solution of alcohol. LAB REPORT

Essay on Impulsiveness in Shakespeare’s Tragedy Romeo and...

Reckless actions lead to untimely deaths. In Shakespeare’s tragedy â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, both protagonists fight for their hopeless love. Bloodshed and chaos appear inevitable in fair Verona; Romeo and Juliet come from enemy households, the Montegues and the Capulets, who have sworn to defeat one another. The young and handsome Romeo weeps over his unrequited love for Rosaline, until he lays his eyes on Juliet. Strong and independent, Juliet seeks to escape her family’s will to marry her off to Paris, a kinsman of the Prince. Fate ties these adolescents’ lives together binding them to witness the ill-fortunes of Romeo and Juliet’s love. Romeo and Juliet prove themselves woefully impulsive through their words and actions, which ultimately†¦show more content†¦Friar Lawrence is accustomed to having Romeo constantly pining for Rosaline and facing despair because of his love for her. Yet, after just one night he forgets all about Rosaline a nd wishes to marry Juliet; Friar Lawrence’s skepticism is well placed, as Romeo’s impulsive actions betrays his recklessness. After Romeo marries Juliet and consummates their marriage, Tybalt confronts Romeo and slays his best friend Mercutio. Romeo, consumed with revenge, kills Tybalt; only after killing Tybalt does he exclaim to himself, â€Å"O, I am Fortune’s fool† (3.1.142). As the result of rash murder, Romeo finds himself in mortal danger because of the Prince’s warning that if Romeo spilt blood, then his life would be the price. He does not take into consideration the consequences of fighting and killing Tybalt before acts; this leads to his banishment from Verona and in turn separation from his love, Juliet. Romeo’s rash actions, that could have easily been avoided, eventually lead him into both difficult and disastrous situations. Through Juliet’s words and actions she continues to be far too impulsive throughout the trage dy. After her first kiss with Romeo during the masquerade, she convinces herself that she is instantaneously in love. When Romeo leaves, Juliet tells herself, â€Å"If he be married/ My grave is like to be my wedding bed† (1.5.148-149). When Juliet meets Romeo they exchange very few words, yet they end up kissing andShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet centers around two star-crossed lovers from feuding600 Words   |  3 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet centers around two star-crossed lovers from feuding families whose forbidden love eventually leads to their own demise. Sadly, Romeo and Juliet’s death could have been avoided, but it is hard to tell who is to blame for these young lover’s deaths. Throughout the play, several characters are at fault, some more than others. While many characters contribute to these tragic events, Romeo is most to blame for his death and the death of his beloved Juliet. Read MoreRomeo And Juliet Character Analysis1434 Words   |  6 PagesRomeo and Juliet a Tragedy of Fate and Character There is no doubt that Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy of young love. What is in doubt is what contributes to the tragedy. The story of Romeo and Juliet’s love contrasts greatly with famous Greek tragedies such as Oedipus the King and The Odyssey in which the source of tragedy is the main protagonists struggle against fate. Rather the source of tragedy in Romeo and Juliet is both the character flaws that exist within in Romeo and Juliet themselves andRead MoreEssay on A Modern Interpretation of Romeo and Juliet 3467 Words   |  14 PagesWhen you hear the words â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, what comes to your mind? For most people, the mention of these names brings about images of young people declaring their love from balconies and defying fate to be together. Romeo and Juliet is certainly a story of youthful romance. However, the first-time reader will often miss the underlying ideas that the writer only hints at over the course of this play. To fail to realize the subtle political and social themes within the plot is to fail to understandRead MoreRomeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare818 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout history, Shakespeare has been given credit for the popularizing of tragedies, causing a tragic hero to be seen as a reputable character. In Shakespeare’s story â€Å"Romeo and Juliet,† two ill-fated lovers are caught between the bitter hatred of their two families. Knowing their parents would never approve, Romeo and Juliet struggle to keep their love a secret. Though the story ends in what most people would view as a tragedy, Romeo fails to meet the characteristics of a tragic hero established by AristotleRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1623 Words   |  7 Pagesis how Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare is; people read the old tale even though we do not need to. The reason we go so far back to read these works of art is because William Shakespeare had a huge influence on writing, making it almos t necessary for people to read his literary style and how it has evolved into the literature of today. His story Romeo and Juliet follows two teens, both from a rival house, who fall in love. Since the love they share is forbidden, Romeo and Juliet marry secretlyRead MoreYouthfulness and Impulsiveness in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet625 Words   |  3 PagesWritten in the 16th century, Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is still the foundations of classic literature today. Although this text is almost four centuries old, what keeps us interested is Romeo and Juliet’s tragic story of youthfulness and impulsiveness. It follows the protagonists’ progression into mature adults; overcoming the obstacles of authority along the way. The idea of a passionate, youthful love is something many of us relate to, furthermore, the audience can comprehend the emotionsRead MoreThe Theme of Death in Romeo and Juliet921 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Romeo Juliet† is one of the most famous and enjoyed literary pieces of all time. The play is written by the playwright William Shakespeare and it conveys the tragic love story of two star-cross’d lovers with a remarkably beautiful language. The play, since it’s a tragedy is permeated by death and all the main characters feel the impact of death either by dying, or witnessing deaths. Throughout the play the reader is able to identify two types of death; death by suicide and death by homicide. A conscientiousRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Character Analysis1141 Words   |  5 Pageswhich ‘Romeo and Juliet’ was written, many people were strong believers of fate and it was a common belief in society. William Shakespeare was a famous poet who is recognised for his powerful writing and contribution to the English language. One of William Shakespeare’s highly recognised plays is ‘Romeo and Juliet’ written in the late 1500’s. It is a play about two star-crossed lovers alongside fate who by their death end the feud between the Montagues and the Capulets. In ‘Romeo and Juliet’, FriarRead MoreRomeo and Juliet- Impulsive Decisions777 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet A simple decision can prove more fatal than death. In the play Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, characters have evidently not solved their conflicts very wisely because their decisions are based on their impassivity. One of the main characters in particular, Romeo Montague, seems to rely on his impulsiveness to resolve his conflicts. Throughout the play, Romeo makes very hasty decisions, which result in unnecessary negative consequences. Three conflicts thatRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Tragic Hero1306 Words   |  6 PagesIn Shakespeare’s classic play, Romeo and Juliet, the prologue refers to the title characters as â€Å"star-cross’d lovers† with a â€Å"death-mark’d love†, showing that the two are doomed from the start (Shakespeare 3). Being from two opposing families that are in a never-ending feud, Romeo and Juliet s love is forbidden. However, throughout the novel, the lovers defy their parents and pursue their fast-forming love with the help of supporting characters, such as Friar Lawrence, who are seemingly presented

Vsdgvfyhb - 2024 Words

Writer’s Reflection When I heard the assignment for Inquiry Two, I was quite excited. I had heard of â€Å"Waiting For Superman,† but had never really had the chance to watch it. The topic of it is something that I am extremely passionate about and was eager to learn more about. So I happily watched the documentary and quickly whipped out a first draft (rough rough draft) without even really having to think about it- the words just poured out. However, when writing my real rough draft, I tried to focus a bit more on the rhetorical appeals. My revision process on Inquiry Two was much more rigorous than my typical revision process. At my meeting with Bridget for my conference on my rough draft of Inquiry 2, she had me read my paper aloud.†¦show more content†¦The filmmaker shows how in many lower income neighborhoods all over the country, students are put into what he refers to as drop out factories. This harsh, derogatory label immediately creates an extremely negative connotation with the audience, making them realize how serious this problem really seems to be. Schools are not receiving the proper funding and resources to provide a safe, stable, productive learning environment for children that live in the district, which leads to many students dropping out. The film also focuses on how incredibly difficult it is for the children in these public school districts to enroll in any type of charter school. The spaces available are just so tiny compared to the overwhelming number of students who want a quality edu cation. When these children arent selected in the lottery, they have no choice but to attend the horrible schools. The filmmaker uses ethos by interviewing Geoffrey Canada, an American social activist and educator as well as CEO of Harlem’s Children Zone (an organization that works towards increasing high school and college graduation rates) and Michelle Rhee, chancellor of Washington DC public schools from 2007-2010 and founder of StudentsFirst (a nonprofit organization that works on education reform issues). Both of these educators are active in fixing

Negative Effects Of Freedom Of Speech - 945 Words

Freedom of speech has been expressed throughout the American culture since the Bill of Rights in 1789. Every since the First Amendment was set in place, Americans have been given the privledge of being heard without punishment from the government, however, freedom of speech can unfortuneately be abused and used to hurt people rather than supporting fellow Americans. Since Americans are allowed to voice their opinions, hate along with love is spoken. The First Amendment set a negative of power for the government by stating, â€Å"Congress shall make no law abridging the freedom of speech – a bill of rights would declare what government could not do to its people† (Ivers, 2013). I am going to explain how federalism can really affect freedom of†¦show more content†¦Whereas, the Fourteenth Amendment is the Equal Protection Clause. This gives them the equal opportunity to open up about their marriage rights the same as a man and a woman’s right to get married . â€Å"Marriage equality is only the most recent example of the transformative power of free speech and other expressive rights† (Zick, T., 2016, para. 4). The First Amendment protects hate crime against African-Americans and gay persons. Just as the African-American’s have had to cross oceans and valleys to get to where they are today, so do gay persons. There are still people who do not accept African-Americans in America today. Not everyone agrees with the way the world is today. Some people have hate crimes against gay people because they are not the same as themselves. That is what is great about the power of freedom of speech. You are free to share your opinion, but there should not be any hate expression involved. â€Å"The Free Speech Clause has not imposed any limits on discriminatory government speech concerning race, homosexuality, or other matters relating to constitutional equality† (Zick, T., 2016, para. 7). Freedom of speech is what makes America great and what makes us a country to stand together. One negative impact of federalism on the Freedom of Speech is the hidden identity the government plays in free speech. â€Å"The identity of the governmental institution behind a law restricting free speech rights may nonetheless be a significant, if hidden, factor in free speechShow MoreRelatedEssay Exploring John Mills Harm Principle1580 Words   |  7 Pages Freedom is a necessary principle to abide by in order for the human race to function. On the other hand, freedom can be taken advantage of, thus resulting in harmful consequences to those directly and indirectly involved. The article, â€Å"On Liberty† by John S. Mills, places emphasis on the functioning of individual liberty and its co-existence with society. Mills stresses the limits of individual liberty through what is famously known as his Harm Principle: the only purpose for which power may beRead MoreStudies in Contemporary Literature: Free Speech1622 Words   |  7 Pages Censorship is the suppression of speech or other public communication which may be considered objectable, harmful, sensitive, politically incorrect or inconvenient as determined as determined by the government, media outlet, or other controlling bodies (Wikipedia, 1). This can be done by governments and private organizations or by individuals who engage in self-censorship which is the act of censorin g or classifying one’s own work like blog, books, films, or other means of expression, out of theRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill on Liberty and Freedom of Expression1388 Words   |  6 PagesInhibition of ones liberty, such as their liberty of conscience (i.e. freedom of speech), is unjust by Millian principles, unless the persons use of deliberation is to voice hate speech. So what is hate speech? Hate speech is directed towards a member of a group, or the group as a whole, that vilifies on the basis of the subjects beliefs. In comparison to discriminatory speech, hate speech does not invoke mere offense, but in most cases is traumatic, and severely impair one’s deliberative capacitiesRead MorePolicy Proposal: Restriction to Freedom of Speech Clause965 Words   |  4 PagesPolicy Proposal Restriction to Freedom of Speech Clause The Restriction to Freedom of Speech Clause would add the following to exceptions that are allowed to speech and expression under the First Amendment (see boldface text). Restrictions on freedom of speech are currently permitted to be imposed on Speech that incites illegal or subversive activity Fighting words Symbolic expression Commercial speech Freedom of expression in public schools Obscenity and pornography Regulation ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Freddie Watts And Jimmy Brothers998 Words   |  4 PagesGriffin does have the right to free speech however, discrimination could also effect her students in a negative way. Removing a teacher from his or her position is very difficult to do. â€Å"Tenure benefits the state by helping to create a permanent and qualified teaching force† (Underwood, Webb 36). This makes it difficult to let a teacher go even when it is to make the school a better environment for the students. Although teachers do have the right to freedom of speech and are able to exercise theirRead MoreNegative Effects Of Advertising On Society713 Words   |  3 Pagesadvertisements, but not many people stop to think of the effects of such exposure. Consumer’s lack of regard for the information thrown at them is a gateway for shady corporations to poison innocent minds. Society has an unknown poison- advertisement. Massive corporations get away with influencing the minds of unsuspecting masses by merely stating that advertisements from their company simply inform the public. Advertising can have both positive and negative effects on society, such as providing information to Read MoreFreedom Of Speech By Martin Luther King Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pagesconstitution known as freedom of expression. The first amendment rights are freedom of religion, freedom of the press, freedom to petition, and freedom of speech. Freedom of speech is arguably the most important one in the first amendment. This amendment is the foundation of freedom in the United States. For without the first amendment, voting would not be possible and events like the Civil Rights Movement could not have happened. Martin Luther King Jr. said of the freedom of speech, â€Å"Our lives beginRead MoreThe Appropriate Use of Freedom of Speech Essay737 Words   |  3 Pagesof subduing foreign students’ freedom of speech. This Policy is a great paradigm of overturning the freedom of speech somewhat; moreover, society cannot be regulated with one hundred percent freedom until the world can become safe and sound universally. Therefore, freedom of speech is a human entitlement, but how to use it in an appropriate approach is a considerably problematic issue. The government and sub organizations should not completely defer to freedom of speech in specific situations; alsoRead MoreImportance Of Freedom Of Speech914 Words   |  4 PagesFree Speech Should be Limited Everyone has the right to freedom of speech, but when there is freedom of speech without limits or restrictions, there is no doubt that this will lead to disaster. People will surely benefit if we are able balance between freedom of speech and restrictions to ensure that society can communicate and prosper without anarchy. The first amendment for freedom of speech can be a good thing and a bad thing if left to free. An important lesson that a young woman learned whenRead MoreNegative Effects Of The Negative Media1401 Words   |  6 PagesThe Negative Media â€Å"The media’s the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that’s power. Because they control the minds of the masses† (X). The Freedom of Speech and Freedom of the Press clauses in the First Amendment of the Constitution’s Bill of Rights protects citizens’ rights to obtain and publish information and their opinions. This is done without any government censorship or fear of punishment. Censorship is when

Gordon Growth Model Free Essays

What is Gordon Growth Model, â€Å"This model is use to determine the fundamental value of stock, it determines the value of stock based on sequence or series of dividends that matured at a constant rate , and the dividend per share is payable in a year† Stock Value (P) = D / (k – G)————–Equation 1 Where D= Expected dividend per share one year from now G= Growth rate in dividends k= required rate of return for equity investor This model is useful to find the value of stock, with following assumption should be taken into account while calculating value of stock, which are: 1. That dividends remains to grow continuously on a constant rate 2. The growth rate should remain less than the required return on equity Relationship between monetary policy and stock market Monetary policy is a state owned measure which is an an important determinant of stock prices , lowering of increase in interest rate couzld be use by fedration to influence stock prices. We will write a custom essay sample on Gordon Growth Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now it is very useful to find theâ€Å"value of stockâ€Å". Monetary policy effetcs stock prices in two ways: 1. When in certain circumstances when the federations or the controller of monetray policty lowers interests rates, the return on bonds or securities (which is also considered as an alternative assest to stocks) decreses, this results that the investors who have invested ,are ready or accept to receive a lower required rate of return on an investment in equity. This will automatically reduces the amount of equity , hence it will also lower the (k – G) (denominator in Gordon Growth model). The lowering of this denominator will lead to increase in the value of stock (price of stock). Hence it will increase stock prices. The lowering of interest rate is also a way from the federation to stimulate and energise the economy, this will help to have a higher growth rate in dividends. The rise in dividends can also results the denominator (k – G) to decrease, it also results in higher stock prices . 2. The denominator in equation is always under the monetary policy influences. Because of that, the stocks and stock prices are also influenced by monetary policy. This model clearly demonestrate how monetary policy influence not only stock markets but also investors , stackholders, those who are investing at that particular time. It is always have been seen that the stock market analyst keep an eye on monetary policy measures as monetary policy always an important factor to know the stock prices etc. The relationship between stock prices and monetary policy is an important factor that directly impacts the economic situation of a country, so this measure should be use carefully. Should one follow the typical recommendation of an investment advisor to buy an actively managed mutual fund? If we are really interested in having a real outcome or return on our investment then it is not an ideal thing to follow the typical recommendation of an investment advisor: this recommendation could be from a direct advisor or we can have such information or prediction read outr from article or news etc, I f we really want to buy some already active mutual funds than it is totally not enough to go on word of the mouth of someone or listen to hot tips from our investment advisor. Basically it is all about correct and uptodate informations oft he market,this can be a useful way of knowing and gaining profits as an investor. One oft he most important factor which an investor can do is, not always buyand sell securities, for those who are interested in buying mutual funds,it is a best practice to buy no-load mutual fund,which are with lkow management fee. Plus it is also important that we should always be informed about the market, especially any new information about our intended funds that we are interested in buying. From studies it has been established that having a good track record of past performences when investing does not guarantee that the future will also be bright. This is what the efficient â€Å" market hypothesis predictsâ€Å". How to cite Gordon Growth Model, Essay examples

Difference in Accounting Methods

Questions: 1. Describe what you understand by the accounting concepts mentioned and provide examples from your selected annual report.2. Discuss the problem of tax effect accounting addressed in the above statement in the context of the present AASB/IASB standards and the conceptual framework using your selected annual report to provide examples.3. Comment on the issues of tax effect accounting in the above in the statement as they relate to the provision of decision useful information. Use your selected annual report to provide exapmples. Answers: Introduction: The assignment presents the difference in accounting methods and its relevance in decision-making process for the users of the annual report. The discussion states the accuracy and reliability for the conventional and modern accounting methods. Moreover, the solution deals with the relative tax- effect problems and issues vital for decision making process for the users and other stakeholders. The entire solution is presented in consideration to Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB)/ International Accounting Standards Board and with the selected company Cash Converter. 1. Two types of accounting concepts prevail to record and report the transactions, one is traditional or conventional accounting method and the other is modern accounting method. In the era when technology was not advanced, accountants used to follow the conventional accounting method. Conventional method of accounting is generally- accepted practice based on the rules and not legally- binding practice and hence this system is not very effective in present days. Conventional or traditional accounting systems were based on reporting the historical costs of assets and liabilities through which accuracy and reliability of financial statement was difficult. For example, capitalized liabilities, deferred tax liabilities or provisions are some of the items arise due to accrual concept of accounting difficult to report if the conventional accounting is followed by organizations (Arnold, Harris and Liu, 2015). Whereas modern accounting method represents the financial statements of organizations in more concise, accurate and reliable manner as it takes fair market values of the assets and liabilities to report in the books. According to the accounting rules as specified in the International Financial Reporting Standards financial statements should be based on accrual, prudence, going concern and consistency concept. As the technology in this era is very advanced, accountants adopt modern method of accounting, which is faster in recording and reporting data, more reliably and accuracy, which eventually helps to better decision-making. Modern accounting method followed by the entities in respect to international accounting standards and accounting principles amended from time to time so that the financial statements presents true and fair view for the stakeholders and users (Shapiro, 2015). In this method of accounting, necessary provisions, contingencies, obligations are measured in terms th at are more accurate because of the filtered information and availability of data and scientific calculation systems. In the selected company, cash converter listed on Australian Stock Exchange presents its financial data as per modern accounting method. In the consolidated financial statement data for impairment of non- current assets, finance costs, exchange differences are few items reported which is difficult to measure if the company follows conventional or traditional accounting method. Further, in the statement of financial position accountants of cash converter has reported provisions of liabilities amounted to $ 240,082 in 2015 and 148,539 in 2014 considering employee benefits, fringe benefit tax for both current and non- current. Other measurements for depreciation, impairments, receivables and payables on accrual concept has been accurately derived and reported in the balance sheet, which is difficult to derive in the conventional accounting method (Balakrishnan, Watts and Zuo, 2015). 2. In the given statement of the assignment, the problem of tax effect accounting is related to the income tax accounting as per the standards of AASB 112. Treatment of tax is different in financial accounting and tax accounting about the timing and scope of transactions in terms of accrual of the events and actual receipt or payment made for the transactions. AASB 112 states the objectives, scope and accounting treatment for current tax liabilities and current tax assets. It recommends the reporting principles for the timing difference arises due to application of different tax and accounting principles. Conceptual framework is a regulator of accounting bords and IFRS, which supplies necessary amendments and rules to report financial statements in true and fair view. As per AASB 112, current tax for current or prior period shall be recorded to the extent it remains unpaid (Agrawal and Cooper, 2016). This might lead to tax difference arise as per the amount considered in tax accounti ng and financial accounting is considered as deferred tax asset if there is benefit incurred from the tax loss. To record and measure the deferred tax in accounting, there exists temporary and permanent timing difference. If the difference is permanent in nature i.e. if the tax loss is not recoverable during the life of the asset or liability then such difference is permanent in nature and as per AASB 112 it is not recorded in the books of accounts only the disclosure in the notes to accounts should be provided. On the other hand, if the tax loss is recoverable under virtual certainty during the life of the asset and liability then such difference is of temporary nature and should be recorded as deferred tax asset/ liability. In the financial statement of Cash Converter, deferred tax asset has been reported in the statement of financial position $ 10,875,338 in 2015 in context to AASB. The problem of tax effect in this context is the accurate measurement of the relative tax difference considering the determination of goodwill as well. In case of goodwill impairment test is required so that impairment loss can be measured. Cash converter reported impairment of goodwill in the year 2015 while deferred tax is computed by considering doubtful debts, accruals, provisions which is relative difficult to measure accurately as per the current market values. Additionally, deferred tax liability is recorded against fixed and intangible (Kim and Im, 2016). Hence, it can be said that the modern accounting method is little complicated over conventional method which was quite simple to follow. 3. The objective of financial statements in context to IFRS and IASB is to provide required information about the organization to its stakeholders and investors. On application of taxation provision in to the accounting records the relative information and position of the company gets distorted with the differences arise in assets and liabilities. For example depreciation charge on the fixed assets is derived by straight line method or diminishing value method or at the rates specified in the IASB whereas according to the tax accounting depreciation rates are different. This difference gives rise to deferred tax asset/ liability, which changes the carrying amount of the asset and accordingly change the decision information for users. Another tax effect issue relevant for decision-making is provisions on borrowings and advances considered for determination of deferred tax of the company (Watts, 2016). In the financial statements of Cash Converter Limited issue of net deferred tax asset amounted $ 10,875,338 in 2015 and $ 13,543,414 in 2014 presents valuable information for decision making of investors because deferred tax asset appears on the statement of financial position is not an actual asset lying with the entity. It represents a mere monetary valuation of tax loss whose benefit would be incurred in future years in respect to doubtful receivables, provisions, and impairment on goodwill. Though the tax effect issue is not the sole source for making decisions about the entitys position it is one of the important decision making factors apart from the current ratios, capital gearing ratios, earning per share and few other financial ratios (Lee, 2016). Conclusion: The above solution has been dealt with the arguments about the relevance and accuracy of conventional/ traditional accounting method and modern accounting method for presenting and reporting the financial statement. Conventional method used to be followed in more simpler and general practice based unlike modern method, which is more reliable and accurate as well as complicated. 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